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history of lesbianism
Lesbianism is the sexual and romantic desire between females. There are far fewer historical mentions of lesbianism than male homosexuality, possibly due to many historical writings and records focusing primarily on men. An example of lesbianism being illegal comes from records of the late Middle Ages (1300-1500). Laws created during the Inquisition in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire specifically mention lesbianism (as well as male sodomy). England has never had any laws outlawing lesbianism, and at times (particularly the 17th-19th centuries) lesbianism has even been accepted.
Laws against lesbianism were suggested but usually not created or enforced in early American history. In 1636, John Cotton proposed a law for Massachusetts Bay making sex between two women (or two men) a capital offense, but the law was not enacted.〔Dorothy A. Mays (Women in early America: struggle, survival, and freedom in a new world ), ABC-CLIO, 2004 ISBN 1-85109-429-6 p. 232〕 It would have read, "Unnatural filthiness, to be punished with death, whether sodomy, which is carnal fellowship of man with man, or woman with woman, or buggery, which is carnal fellowship of man or woman with beasts or fowls." In 1655, the Connecticut Colony passed a law against sodomy between women (as well as between men), but nothing came of this either.〔Foster, Thomas (2007). Long Before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America. New York University Press.〕 In 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a law stating that, "Whosoever shall be guilty of rape, polygamy, or sodomy with man or woman shall be punished, if a man, by castration, if a woman, by cutting thro' the cartilage of her nose a hole of one half inch diameter at the least",〔(Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments ). Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2010-11-30.〕 but this did not become law either. However, in 1649 in Plymouth Colony, Sarah White Norman and Mary Vincent Hammon were prosecuted for "lewd behavior with each other upon a bed"; their trial documents are the only known record of sex between female English colonists in North America in the 17th century.〔Kenneth Borris (Same-sex desire in the English Renaissance: a sourcebook of texts, 1470–1650 ), Routledge, 2004 ISBN 0-8153-3626-8 p. 113〕 Hammon was only admonished, perhaps because she was younger than sixteen,〔 but in 1650 Norman was convicted and required to acknowledge publicly her "unchaste behavior" with Hammon, as well as warned against future offenses.〔(Legal case: Norman, Hammon; Plymouth, March 6, 1649 ). OutHistory (2008-07-15). Retrieved 2010-11-30.〕 This may be the only conviction for lesbianism in American history.
==Ancient history==
The Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1700 BC) is widely considered to be the earliest known mention of lesbians in surviving historical documents. The code makes reference to women called the ''salzikrum'' (literal translation: "daughter-men"), women who were allowed to marry other women. The code also contains the earliest mention of a transgender person.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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